CVE-2024-43892
Publication date 26 August 2024
Last updated 20 December 2024
Ubuntu priority
Cvss 3 Severity Score
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: memcg: protect concurrent access to mem_cgroup_idr Commit 73f576c04b94 ("mm: memcontrol: fix cgroup creation failure after many small jobs") decoupled the memcg IDs from the CSS ID space to fix the cgroup creation failures. It introduced IDR to maintain the memcg ID space. The IDR depends on external synchronization mechanisms for modifications. For the mem_cgroup_idr, the idr_alloc() and idr_replace() happen within css callback and thus are protected through cgroup_mutex from concurrent modifications. However idr_remove() for mem_cgroup_idr was not protected against concurrency and can be run concurrently for different memcgs when they hit their refcnt to zero. Fix that. We have been seeing list_lru based kernel crashes at a low frequency in our fleet for a long time. These crashes were in different part of list_lru code including list_lru_add(), list_lru_del() and reparenting code. Upon further inspection, it looked like for a given object (dentry and inode), the super_block's list_lru didn't have list_lru_one for the memcg of that object. The initial suspicions were either the object is not allocated through kmem_cache_alloc_lru() or somehow memcg_list_lru_alloc() failed to allocate list_lru_one() for a memcg but returned success. No evidence were found for these cases. Looking more deeply, we started seeing situations where valid memcg's id is not present in mem_cgroup_idr and in some cases multiple valid memcgs have same id and mem_cgroup_idr is pointing to one of them. So, the most reasonable explanation is that these situations can happen due to race between multiple idr_remove() calls or race between idr_alloc()/idr_replace() and idr_remove(). These races are causing multiple memcgs to acquire the same ID and then offlining of one of them would cleanup list_lrus on the system for all of them. Later access from other memcgs to the list_lru cause crashes due to missing list_lru_one.
Status
Package | Ubuntu Release | Status |
---|---|---|
linux | 24.10 oracular |
Not affected
|
24.04 LTS noble |
Fixed 6.8.0-50.51
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-125.135
|
|
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.4.0-204.224
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
14.04 LTS trusty |
Not affected
|
|
linux-allwinner-5.19 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored end of kernel support | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-aws | 24.10 oracular |
Not affected
|
24.04 LTS noble |
Fixed 6.8.0-1020.22
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-1072.78
|
|
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.4.0-1137.147
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Ignored end of ESM support, was ignored [ESM criteria, was needed] | |
linux-aws-5.0 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored superseded by linux-aws-5.3 | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-aws-5.11 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-aws-5.13 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-aws-5.13 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-aws-5.15 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-aws-5.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.15.0-1072.78~20.04.1
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-aws-5.19 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-aws-6.2 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-aws-5.3 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored superseded by linux-aws-5.4 | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-aws-5.4 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic |
Fixed 5.4.0-1137.147~18.04.1
|
|
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-aws-5.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-aws-5.11 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-aws-6.2 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-aws-6.5 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-aws-6.5 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-aws-6.8 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-aws-6.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 6.8.0-1020.22~22.04.1
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-aws-fips | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored end of standard support | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-aws-hwe | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure | 24.10 oracular |
Not affected
|
24.04 LTS noble |
Vulnerable, work in progress
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-1075.84
|
|
20.04 LTS focal |
Vulnerable, work in progress
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored superseded by linux-azure-5.3 | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Ignored end of ESM support, was ignored [ESM criteria, was needed] | |
linux-azure-4.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-5.11 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-azure-5.13 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-5.13 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-azure-5.15 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-5.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal |
Vulnerable, work in progress
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-5.19 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-azure-6.2 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-5.3 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored superseded by linux-azure-5.4 | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-5.4 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic |
Vulnerable, work in progress
|
|
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-5.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-azure-5.11 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-6.2 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-azure-6.5 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-6.5 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-azure-6.8 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-6.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy |
Vulnerable, work in progress
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-edge | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored superseded by linux-azure-5.3 | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-fde | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy |
Vulnerable
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-azure-fde-5.15 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-fde-5.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal |
Vulnerable
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-fde-5.19 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-azure-fde-6.2 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-fde-6.2 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored replaced by linux-azure-6.5 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-azure-fips | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored end of standard support | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-bluefield | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.4.0-1097.104
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-fips | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gcp | 24.10 oracular |
Not affected
|
24.04 LTS noble |
Fixed 6.8.0-1019.21
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-1071.79
|
|
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.4.0-1141.150
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored superseded by linux-gcp-5.3 | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gcp-4.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gcp-5.11 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-gcp-5.13 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gcp-5.13 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-gcp-5.15 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gcp-5.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.15.0-1071.79~20.04.1
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gcp-5.19 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-gcp-6.2 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gcp-5.3 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored superseded by linux-gcp-5.4 | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gcp-5.4 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic |
Fixed 5.4.0-1141.150~18.04.1
|
|
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gcp-5.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-gcp-5.11 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gcp-6.2 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-gcp-6.5 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gcp-6.5 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-gcp-6.8 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gcp-6.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 6.8.0-1019.21~22.04.1
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gcp-fips | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored end of standard support | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gke | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble |
Fixed 6.8.0-1015.19
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-1069.75
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored end of kernel support | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored end of standard support | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gke-4.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored superseded by linux-gke-5.0 | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gke-5.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored end of kernel support | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gke-5.4 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored end of kernel support | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gkeop | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble |
Fixed 6.8.0-1002.4
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-1055.62
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored end of life, was needed | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gkeop-5.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.15.0-1055.62~20.04.1
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-gkeop-5.4 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored end of kernel support | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-hwe | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored replaced by linux-hwe-5.4 | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-hwe-5.11 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-hwe-5.13 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-hwe-5.13 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-hwe-5.15 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-hwe-5.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.15.0-125.135~20.04.1
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-hwe-5.19 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-hwe-6.2 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-hwe-5.4 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic |
Fixed 5.4.0-204.224~18.04.1
|
|
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-hwe-5.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-hwe-5.11 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-hwe-6.2 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-hwe-6.5 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-hwe-6.5 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-hwe-6.8 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-hwe-6.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy |
Vulnerable, work in progress
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-hwe-edge | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored superseded by linux-hwe-5.4 | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored superseded by linux-hwe | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-ibm | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble |
Fixed 6.8.0-1017.17
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-1065.68
|
|
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.4.0-1084.89
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-ibm-5.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.15.0-1065.68~20.04.1
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-ibm-5.4 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic |
Fixed 5.4.0-1084.89~18.04.1
|
|
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-intel | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble |
Not affected
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-intel-5.13 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored end of kernel support | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-intel-iot-realtime | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-intel-iotg | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-1067.73
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-intel-iotg-5.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.15.0-1067.73~20.04.1
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-iot | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal |
Vulnerable
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-kvm | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-1069.74
|
|
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.4.0-1125.133
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-lowlatency | 24.10 oracular |
Not affected
|
24.04 LTS noble |
Fixed 6.8.0-50.51.1
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-125.135
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.15.0-125.135~20.04.1
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.19 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.2 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.2 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.5 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.5 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.8 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 6.8.0-50.51.1~22.04.1
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-lts-xenial | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Ignored end of ESM support, was ignored [ESM criteria, was needed] | |
linux-nvidia | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble |
Fixed 6.8.0-1019.21
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-1067.68
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-nvidia-6.2 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-nvidia-6.5 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-nvidia-6.5 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-nvidia-6.8, was needed | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-nvidia-6.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 6.8.0-1019.21~22.04.1
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-nvidia-lowlatency | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble |
Fixed 6.8.0-1019.21.1
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oem | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored replaced by linux-hwe-5.4 | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored end of standard support | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oem-5.10 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-oem-5.13 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oem-5.13 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-oem-5.14 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oem-5.14 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored replaced by linux-hwe-5.15 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oem-5.17 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-oem-6.1 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oem-5.6 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-oem-5.10 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oem-6.0 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-oem-6.1 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oem-6.1 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-oem-6.5 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oem-6.11 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble |
Not affected
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oem-6.5 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-oem-6.8 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oem-6.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble |
Fixed 6.8.0-1018.18
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oracle | 24.10 oracular |
Not affected
|
24.04 LTS noble |
Fixed 6.8.0-1017.18
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-1070.76
|
|
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.4.0-1136.145
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored ESM criteria, was needed | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oracle-5.0 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored superseded by linux-oracle-5.3 | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oracle-5.11 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-oracle-5.13 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oracle-5.13 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-oracle-5.15 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oracle-5.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.15.0-1070.76~20.04.1
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oracle-5.3 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored superseded by linux-oracle-5.4 | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oracle-5.4 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic |
Fixed 5.4.0-1136.145~18.04.1
|
|
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oracle-5.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-oracle-5.11 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oracle-6.5 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-oracle-6.8 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-oracle-6.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 6.8.0-1017.18~22.04.1
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-raspi | 24.10 oracular |
Not affected
|
24.04 LTS noble |
Fixed 6.8.0-1016.18
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-1065.68
|
|
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.4.0-1121.133
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-raspi-5.4 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic |
Vulnerable, work in progress
|
|
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-raspi-realtime | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-raspi2 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored replaced by linux-raspi | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Ignored end of standard support | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Ignored end of standard support | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-realtime | 24.10 oracular |
Not affected
|
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by Ubuntu Pro ppa version | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-riscv | 24.10 oracular |
Not affected
|
24.04 LTS noble |
Fixed 6.8.0-50.51.1
|
|
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored end of kernel support | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-riscv-5.8 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-riscv-5.11 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-riscv-5.13 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-riscv-5.15 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.15.0-1068.72~20.04.1
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-riscv-5.19 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored end of kernel support | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-riscv-5.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Not in release | |
20.04 LTS focal | Ignored superseded by linux-riscv-5.11 | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-riscv-6.5 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-riscv-6.8 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-riscv-6.8 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 6.8.0-50.51.1~22.04.1
|
|
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-starfive-5.19 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored end of kernel support | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-starfive-6.2 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored superseded by linux-starfive-6.5 | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-starfive-6.5 | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy | Ignored end of kernel support | |
20.04 LTS focal | Not in release | |
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release | |
linux-xilinx-zynqmp | 24.10 oracular | Not in release |
24.04 LTS noble | Not in release | |
22.04 LTS jammy |
Fixed 5.15.0-1038.42
|
|
20.04 LTS focal |
Fixed 5.4.0-1056.60
|
|
18.04 LTS bionic | Not in release | |
16.04 LTS xenial | Not in release | |
14.04 LTS trusty | Not in release |
Get expanded security coverage with Ubuntu Pro
Reduce your average CVE exposure time from 98 days to 1 day with expanded CVE patching, ten-years security maintenance and optional support for the full stack of open-source applications. Free for personal use.
Get Ubuntu ProSeverity score breakdown
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Base score | 4.7 · Medium |
Attack vector | Local |
Attack complexity | High |
Privileges required | Low |
User interaction | None |
Scope | Unchanged |
Confidentiality | None |
Integrity impact | None |
Availability impact | High |
Vector | CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H |
References
Related Ubuntu Security Notices (USN)
- USN-7100-1
- Linux kernel vulnerabilities
- 11 November 2024
- USN-7100-2
- Linux kernel vulnerabilities
- 12 November 2024
- USN-7123-1
- Linux kernel (Azure) vulnerabilities
- 20 November 2024
- USN-7144-1
- Linux kernel (Intel IoTG) vulnerabilities
- 9 December 2024
- USN-7154-1
- Linux kernel vulnerabilities
- 12 December 2024
- USN-7155-1
- Linux kernel (NVIDIA) vulnerabilities
- 12 December 2024
- USN-7156-1
- Linux kernel (GKE) vulnerabilities
- 12 December 2024
- USN-7173-1
- Linux kernel vulnerabilities
- 17 December 2024
- USN-7173-2
- Linux kernel vulnerabilities
- 20 December 2024
Other references
- https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-43892
- https://git.kernel.org/linus/9972605a238339b85bd16b084eed5f18414d22db (6.11-rc3)
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/37a060b64ae83b76600d187d76591ce488ab836b
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/51c0b1bb7541f8893ec1accba59eb04361a70946
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9972605a238339b85bd16b084eed5f18414d22db