The Linux operating system, and many applications that run on it, do a lot of logging. These logs are invaluable for monitoring and troubleshooting your system.
cd, ls, etc.)Originally authored by Ivan Fonseca.
There are many different log files that all serve different purposes. When trying to find a log about something, you should start by identifying the most relevant file. Below is a list of common log file locations.
System logs deal with exactly that - the Ubuntu system - as opposed to extra applications added by the user. These logs may contain information about authorizations, system daemons and system messages.
Location: /var/log/auth.log
Keeps track of authorization systems, such as password prompts, the sudo command and remote logins.
Location: /var/log/daemon.log
Daemons are programs that run in the background, usually without user interaction. For example, display server, SSH sessions, printing services, bluetooth, and more.
Location: /var/log/debug
Provides debugging information from the Ubuntu system and applications.
Location: /var/log/kern.log
Logs from the Linux kernel.
Location: /var/log/syslog
Contains more information about your system. If you can’t find anything in the other logs, it’s probably here.
Some applications also create logs in /var/log. Below are some examples.
Location: /var/log/apache2/ (subdirectory)
Apache creates several log files in the /var/log/apache2/ subdirectory. The access.log file records all requests made to the server to access files. error.log records all errors thrown by the server.
Location: /var/log/Xorg.0.log
The X11 server creates a seperate log file for each of your displays. Display numbers start at zero, so your first display (display 0) will log to Xorg.0.log. The next display (display 1) would log to Xorg.1.log, and so on.
Not all log files are designed to be read by humans. Some were made to be parsed by applications. Below are some of examples.
Location: /var/log/faillog
Contains info about login failures. You can view it with the faillog command.
Location: /var/log/lastlog
Contains info about last logins. You can view it with the lastlog command.
Location: /var/log/wtmp
Contains login info used by other utilities to find out who’s logged in. To view currently logged in users, use the who command.
This is not an exhaustive list!
You can search the web for more locations relevant to what you’re trying to debug. There is also a longer list here.
The GNOME System Log Viewer provides a simple GUI for viewing and monitoring log files. If you’re running Ubuntu 17.10 or above, it will be called Logs. Otherwise, it will be under the name System Log.
The log viewer has a simple interface. The sidebar on the left shows a list of open log files, with the contents of the currently selected file displayed on the right.
The log viewer not only displays but also monitors log files for changes. The bold text (as seen in the screenshot above) indicates new lines that have been logged after opening the file. When a log that is not currently selected is updated, it’s name in the file list will turn bold (as shown by auth.log in the screenshot above).
Clicking on the cog at the top right of the window will open a menu allowing you to change some display settings, as well as open and close log files.
There is also a magnifying glass icon to the right of the cog that allows you to search within the currently selected log file.
If you wish to learn more about the GNOME System Log Viewer, you may visit the official documentation.
It is also important to know how to view logs in the command line. This is especially useful when you’re remotely connected to a server and don’t have a GUI.
The following commands will be useful when working with log files from the command line.
The most basic way to view files from the command line is using the cat command. You simply pass in the filename, and it outputs the entire contents of the file: cat file.txt.
This can be inconvenient when dealing with large files (which isn’t uncommon for logs!). We could use an editor, although that may be overkill just to view a file. This is where the less command comes in. We pass it the filename (less file.txt), and it will open the file in a simple interface. From here, we can use the arrow keys (or j/k if you’re familiar with Vim) to move through the file, use / to search, and press q to quit. There are a few more features, all of which are described by pressing h to open the help.
We may also want to quickly view the first or last n number of lines of a file. This is where the head and tail commands come in handy. These commands work much like cat, although you can specify how many lines from the start/end of the file you want to view. To view the first 15 lines of a file, we run head -n 15 file.txt, and to view the last 15, we run tail -n 15 file.txt. Due to the nature of log files being appended to at the bottom, the tail command will generally be more useful.
To monitor a log file, you may pass the -f flag to tail. It will keep running, printing new additions to the file, until you stop it (Ctrl + C). For example: tail -f file.txt.
One way that we looked at to search files is to open the file in less and press /. A faster way to do this is to use the grep command. We specify what we want to search for in double quotes, along with the filename, and grep will print all the lines containing that search term in the file. For example, to search for lines containing “test” in file.txt, you would run grep "test" file.txt.
If the result of a grep search is too long, you may pipe it to less, allowing you to scroll and search through it: grep "test" file.txt | less.
The simplest way to edit files from the command line is to use nano. nano is a simple command line editor, which has all the most useful keybindings printed directly on screen. To run it, just give it a filename (nano file.txt). To close or save a file, press Ctrl + X. The editor will ask you if you want to save your changes. Press y for yes or n for no. If you choose yes, it will ask you for the filename to save the file as. If you are editing an existing file, the filename will already be there. Simply leave it as it is and it will save to the proper file.
Congratulations, you now have enough knowledge of log file locations, usage of the GNOME System Log Viewer and basic command line commands to properly monitor and trouble-shoot problems that arise on your system.
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